Remember the CRAAP test from your first-year Inquiry class?

C - Currency: How recent was a source created/researched? Do you need items from a particular time period?

R - Relevance: Does the information in the source meet your needs? Is it the right type of source for your assignment?

A - Authority: What are the author’s credentials and expertise related to the topic?

A - Accuracy:

• How does the source use data or craft arguments?
• How do they back up their claims?
• Are there factual inaccuracies?

P - Purpose: What is the intent of the author or sponsoring organization?

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Relevance

There may be thousands of articles that are from the correct time period, that are accurate, written with authority, and published by reputable journals with an academic purpose - but that doesn't mean they are relevant to your topic or your assignment. 

Relevance might be the most tricky part of the CRAAP test.  It really depends on your specific assignment, topic, and research question.

Here are some things to consider:

• What are the specific requirements of your assignment? If you aren't sure, review your assignment carefully and speak to your professor.
• Does this source directly address your research question? If not, you can choose to change your research question, or you may need to find a different source. 
• Does it provide necessary background information on your topic?
• Is it from an appropriate field/discipline for your assignment? (Example, if you are supposed to write about the psychological aspect of a topic, the economic aspect of the same topic may or may not be relevant). 

When in doubt, review your sources with your professor.

Reading and understanding academic sources can be one of the most challenging parts of the research process. Even if you're reading popular or general sources, close reading requires critical thinking and analysis. This is even more challenging when you are reading in a second language!

When you're reading, you'll want to try to understand the source on multiple levels.

1. Understanding what individual words and sentences mean.
2. Understanding what argument and the evidence presented.
3. Understanding the context, audience, scope, and purpose.

 

This can be challenging, especially if you're trying to work on all three levels at once.

Ideally, you'll read a source three times, focusing on each element respectively in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd read-throughs.  This takes time, so it is best to start your research early. 

Review the Understanding Your Source guide for more information on how to master the three levels of understanding.

There are many ways to take notes - and taking notes is very important - but here is one suggested format you can use.

A downloadable copy of the Word Template for this note format is provided below. You can hand-write your notes, but typing them into the template will make it easy to copy and paste your quotes when you need them later on.

Reading Notes

Before you read

Citation of source

Context

What is the author’s purpose in writing this article?

What part of my research question does this article address?

While you read

Page number

• Quote 
  • Detailed notes
  • Detailed notes
    • Questions requiring further research
    • Other articles cited that I should read

Page number

• Quote 
  • Detailed notes
  • Detailed notes
    • Questions requiring further research
    • Other articles cited that I should read

After you read

Short summary of the article:

Author’s main points:

•  
•  
•  

New evidence/arguments:

Questions I still have:

Did this article address my research question the way I expected?

Relationship to other articles I’ve read: